Research on corporate accountability report - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1. From your firms, financial statement, list each item of equity and write your understanding of each item. Discuss any changes in each item of equity for your firm over the past year articulating the reasons for the change. 2. What is your firms' tax expense in its latest financial statements? 3. Is this figure the same as the company tax rate times your firms accounting income? Explain why this is, or is not, the case for your firm. 4. Comment on deferred tax assets/liabilities that is reported in the balance sheet articulating the possible reasons why they have been recorded. 5. Is there any current tax assets or income tax payable recorded by your company? Why is the income tax payable not the same as income tax expense? 6. Is the income tax expense shown in the income statement same as the income tax paid shown in the cash flow statement? If not why is the difference? 7. What do you find interesting, confusing, surprising or difficult to understand about the treatment of tax in your firms financial statements? What new insights, if any, have you gained about how companies account for income tax as a result of examining your firms tax expense in its accounts? Answers: Answer 1: As evident from the annual report of Nextdc Limited it is found that under the heads of Equity the company reported a contributed equity of 524,458 for the year ended 30 June 2017 while in the following year of 2016 the company reported an equity of 375,507. Under the heads of equity, the company reported reserves of 4,990 for the year 2017 in respect to the figures of 3,534 for the year 2016. The company also reported an accumulated loss of (22,917) for the year ended 2017 whereas the previous year figures stood (45,913). The ordinary shares remain entitled to the shareholder so that can participate in the dividends together with the earnings on closure of the business in respect to the number of and values that is paid on the shares that is held (Smith 2014). Answer 2: The income tax expenses that is reported by the company for the year ended 2017 stood 10,172. Answer 3: The income tax expenditure that is reported during the accounting year is the tax that is payable on the present period of assessable revenue. This is depending upon the applicable amount of the income tax rate in Australia together with the accustomed alterations in the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities that is attributable to the provisional differences and the idle tax losses (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). The current amount of tax that is charged is computed based on the laws of tax that is incorporated or practically endorsed during the conclusion of the accounting period. The management of the corporation intermittently assess the position that is taken in the tax returns concerning the situations that is applicable in the tax regulations that is subjected to regulations. The tax rate reported by the company in respect to the accounting income stood at a rate of 30% with no change in the percentage of tax for the company. Answer 4: The deferred tax assets that is reported by the firm on the end of the accounting year 30 June 2017 stood 15,030 while in the year 2016 the total amount of deferred tax assets that is reported by the company stood 5,471. On the other hand, the total amount of deferred tax liabilities that has been reported by the corporation on the end of the accounting year 30 June 2017 stood 2,429 while in the previous year of 2,657. The deferred tax assets that is identified for deductible provisional differences and idle amount of tax losses given that it is likely that the forthcoming amount tax would be obtainable to use the provisional differences and losses (Lys, Naughton and Wang 2015). The deferred amount of tax assets and liabilities is usually offset when there is lawfully enforceable right in order to offset the present tax assets along with the liabilities and when the deferred balance is associated with the identical taxation authority (Christensen 2015). Additionally, the current tax assets and the current tax liabilities that is reported by the company is offset when the company has lawfully enforceable right to offset and would intend to either one of the net base or with the objective of realising the asset and resolve the liability concurrently. Answer 5: The current amount of tax that is payable on the profit generated by the company on the end of the accounting year 30 June 2017 stood $4,424. The income tax payable is not as same as the income tax expenses because the current tax payable is identified in the profit and loss, excluding the extent to which it is associated with the items that is identified in the other comprehensive income or it is directly in equity (Busco et al. 2013). In this case, the current amount of tax payable is identified in the other comprehensive income or unswervingly under the equity correspondingly. Answer 6: The taxable income expenses that is reported by the company in the income statement stood 10,172 whereas it is noteworthy to denote that the no amount of tax expenses is reported by the firm in the statement of cash flow. The company did not report any income tax expenses in the statement of cash flow because there are certain transactions and computations that has been undertaken in the ordinary business course for the reason of this the ultimate amount of tax determination is not certain (Deegan 2013). Therefore, it can considered that the company has not reported an income tax expenses in the cash flow since the uncertainty of the transactions during the ordinary course of business and an appropriate judgement is needed in the determination of the provision for income taxes. Answer 7: On an interesting note it is learnt that the current amount of income tax that is charged is computed by the company based on the tax laws that has been legislated or fundamentally applied following the end of the reported in Australia. Interestingly the management of the firm on periodical basis assess the positions undertaken in determination of the tax returns concerning the situations in which the applicable amount of tax regulations is subjected to interpretations (Christensen 2015). However, there were difficulties in understanding the tax expenses payable by the company since the statement of cash flow did not stated the amount which the company has paid. On an important note it is found that the company was uncertain regarding the transactions that would take place in the ordinary course of the business and it was difficult to understand that the appropriate judgement was required by the firm in ascertaining the provision of income tax. Considerably on an interesting note the deferred tax assets that was identified for the purpose of deductions represented the temporary differences and the unused amount of tax losses represents the future amount of tax that would be available to make use of the temporary differences and losses (Ramanna 2013). The company identifies the deferred tax in the profit and loss given the extent to which it is associated with the items identified in the additional comprehensive statement of income or in equity directly. Reference Busco, C., Frigo, M.L., Quattrone, P. and Riccaboni, A., 2013. Redefining corporate accountability through integrated reporting: What happens when values and value creation meet?.Strategic Finance,95(2), pp.33-42. Christensen, D.M., 2015. Corporate accountability reporting and high-profile misconduct.The Accounting Review,91(2), pp.377-399. Christensen, D.M., 2015. Corporate accountability reporting and high-profile misconduct.The Accounting Review,91(2), pp.377-399. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Lys, T., Naughton, J.P. and Wang, C., 2015. Signaling through corporate accountability reporting.Journal of Accounting and Economics,60(1), pp.56-72. Ramanna, K., 2013. A framework for research on corporate accountability reporting.Accounting Horizons,27(2), pp.409-432. Smith, N.C., 2014.Morality and the Market (Routledge Revivals): Consumer Pressure for Corporate Accountability. Routledge. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

Puritanical Islam Essay Sample free essay sample

The puritan attack to Islam is revered by the more conservative members of the Muslim community as necessary and. at the same clip. is ardently denounced by modernists. As highlighted by the differences in Islamic idea by modernists. such as Khaled Abu El Fadl. and that of more traditional minds. including Sayyid Qutb. Abu-L-‘Ala’ Mawdudi. and Ayatullah Ruhullah Khumayni. there are clear divisions between the two groups. These divergencies between the two groups are highlighted through their sentiments toward the nature of rational thought. Islamic jurisprudence. authorities. and modernism. Puritanical Islam is a motion by which Muslims seek to return to the â€Å"pure† and Orthodox pattern of the basicss of Islam. as exemplified in the Quran and the life of the Prophet Mohammed ( El Fadl 2005. 82-87 ) . It is an apprehension of the Quran and spiritual texts. in their actual signifier. as ultimate spiritual authorization that must be adhered excessively in every f acet of a Muslim’s day-to-day life. We will write a custom essay sample on Puritanical Islam Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However. non all Muslims adhere to the puritan attack to Islam. and therefore. there are clear differentiations that separate modernist Muslims. such as El Fadl. and puritan advocators. Even though both groups do revere and consecrate the basicss of Islam. they understand and adhere to them otherwise. Modernists apply reason to spiritual texts. utilizing the basicss of Islam as a means to understand modern times. and implement their apprehensions consequently. On the other manus. Puritans deny the usage of reason in adhering to the Quran and Sunnah. and understand them in their actual sense. denying anything that diverges from the written word ( El Fadl 2005. 128-29 ) . Therefore. modernist minds describe Puritans as being unaccepting of any Islamic legal expert or spiritual figure who is non a rigorous â€Å"literalist. † which wholly denounces the beauty of the human head and its ability to utilize reason as a beginning for understanding ( El Fadl 2005. 96-97 ) . Furthermore. the function that reason dramas in the Muslim reading of spiritual texts. leads to an apprehension of Islamic jurisprudence that is clearly different between modernists and puritan min ds. Islamic jurisprudence. harmonizing to el Fadl. can be interpreted utilizing historical histories. and reason. leting it to set harmonizing to modern times. and in bend. modern-day state of affairss. However. because puritan minds denounce the usage of reason in Islamic idea. and believe that Islamic jurisprudence is meant to be understood in its actual signifier. without respect for its historical context. there is a strong divide between modernist and puritan minds on this subject. Modernists understand Islamic jurisprudence as a human reading of Sharia. known as fiqh. which unlike Sharia. is non godly or ageless. Fiqh is the human reading of Sharia Law and is capable to â€Å"error. change. development. and nullification. † ( El Fadl 2005. 150 ) . Harmonizing to El Fadl. it is so chesty for puritan trusters to believe that they â€Å"successfully comprehend† ( El Fadl 2005. 150 ) what ageless jurisprudence is. and because of that. merely use fiqh to affairs that are n on straight addressed by God in the Quran or Sunnah. In conformity with El Fadl’s analysis of puritan thought. Sayyid Qutb presents that Godhead jurisprudence and metaphysical concerns do non let for interpretative idea. and implies that rational thought can merely be applied to the scientific disciplines and proficient professions ( Qutb 2002. 193-208 ) . Thinkers such as Mawdudi do use historical context to represent the instructions of the Quran. but do non let for an reading of the Quran based on historical events. Mawdudi makes usage of historical context to learn values and Torahs. connoting that illustrations brought Forth by the prophesier in his instructions have a clear aim that must be adhered excessively irrespective of alterations in society ( Mawdudi 2002. 208-15 ) . Furthermore. the rigorous application of Islamic jurisprudence to human behavior and political relations observed by Puritans straight affects their belief in a demand for an Islamic province. The puritan rigorous reading of Islamic jurisprudence influ ences its stance on Muslim authorities and morality to a big grade. Harmonizing to El Fadl. Puritans seek to use Quranic rules irrespective of the deductions: extenuation of justness. deficiency of clemency. and debased equity ( El Fadl 2005. 163-70 ) . It is besides mentioned that Puritan minds tend to trust on their actual apprehension of Islamic historical legal power. peculiarly determinations enforced by the Islamic Caliphate or the â€Å"rightly guided† . to warrant a coercive signifier of Islam that is upheld by authorities ( El Fadl 2005. 197 ) . First. even though El Fadl claims a separation between puritan thought and justness. puritan minds such as Khumayni. place Islamic jurisprudence. and in bend its enforcement through authorities action. as the lone agencies by which to accomplish true justness ( Khumayni 2007. 333-5 ) . Harmonizing to Khumayni justness and societal freedom can merely be achieved through the unchanged application of Sharia. which can merely be implemented through the supervising of a â€Å"perfect authorities. † as prescribed by God ( Khumayni 2007. 339 ) . He besides mentions that if an Muslim authorities is non put in topographic point by the Ummah. so they participate in a signifier o f devotion. as they obey and follow the Torahs and impressions of a false God ( mentioning to any important figure non set into power by God: despotic swayers. authorities figures. and presidents of republican authoritiess ) . The impression of holding an Muslim authorities. set Forth by justly guided swayers. is strongly disputed by El Fadl. as he presets that worlds are incapable of understanding Sharia. and can merely trust on fiqh. which gives manner to human mistake. Thus. El Fadl disagrees with the thought that a perfect signifier of authorities can be achieved through the human application of Sharia. and alternatively. brings forth the thought that a democratic authorities that allows for â€Å"check and balances. † is of a more perfect and merely nature ( El Fadl 2005. 197-98 ) . Additionally. El Fadl and Qutb portion the thought that puritanical trusters must insulate themselves from western civilization. and overemphasize piousness in times when they deem necessary. As stated by Qutb. â€Å"if in any age we find desire to overemphasise the pietistic facet of the religion and divorce it from societal facet. or to disassociate societal facet from it. it will be at mistake of that age. inste ad than on Islam. † ( Qutb 2007. 103 ) . Therefore. it can be derived that a push for an Muslim authorities by puritanical leaders is an attempt to eliminate modernisation brought upon the Islamic community by altering times and western civilization. In understanding the positions of puritanical minds. and that of groups that are opposed to such positions. one can break understand the generalisations that each group makes about one another. and recognize that both hold an utmost position of each other’s attack to Islam. Puritanical minds deem it necessary to implement Sharia into society. and preach the demand for an Islamic signifier of authorities that allows for justness and release from immorality. On the other manus. modernists hold the positions of puritan minds as ungrounded. and as defying of the human ability to ground. Modernists such as El Fadl believe in democratic authorities. and an execution of fiqh. the human appreciation of Sharia. that is in line with modernisation and modern-day times. Plants Cited Fadl. Abou El. 2005. The Great Larceny: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. New York: Harper Collins. Khumayni. Ruhullah Ayatulla. 2007. Muslim Government. Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives. erectile dysfunction. John J. Donohue and John L. Esposito. 332-40. New York: Oxford University Press. Maududi. Sayyid Abul A’la. 2002. Fallacy of Rationalism. In Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam: A Reader. erectile dysfunction. Mansoor Moaddel and Kamran Talattof. 207–21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Qutb. Sayyid. 2002. Islam as the Foundation of Knowledge. In Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam: A Reader. erectile dysfunction. Mansoor Moaddel and Kamran Talattof. 197–206. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Qutb. Sayyid. 2007. Social Justice in Islam. Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives. erectile dysfunction. John J. Donohue and John L. Esposito. 103-108. New York: Oxford University Press.

Easy Win Essay Samples

Easy Win Essay SamplesWriting an essay can be very difficult, but there are a number of easy to find essays that can be turned into easy win essay samples. Whether you need to get a particular grade, or just want to improve your writing, essays can be very important parts of a high school or college course. You may find that many of the materials that you use for writing your essays are designed to make your life easier, but they can also make your essays less than brilliant. Fortunately, there are many easy to find essay samples that can help you make your essay's far more impressive.Easy win essay samples are available at no cost and can easily be found online. All you have to do is search for them or visit a good resource to get tips on how to write the best essay. You will find that you can make almost any essay into an easy win essay that will make your friends and professors love you even more.Easy win essay samples can be found in a number of ways. It can be easy to use certai n sites that give you free samples of what to write. You can also visit books and library websites, and in some cases you may find samples that come with tips for writing the essay.If you are really looking for easy win essay samples then the best thing to do is to visit a number of websites. These websites give you access to writing tips and samples that will help you improve your essays. This can be useful if you need to make your essays more impressive, and will help you enjoy writing even more.Many of these websites will provide you with different college essay tips, and even a variety of sample essays. Some websites will have tutorials as well, that will provide you with tips and suggestions for the best essay. If you are not sure where to begin then these websites will have a great deal of information that you can use to improve your essays.Easy win essay samples are also available in audio format. Some of these websites will offer you audio tutorials that will help you improv e your essay's even more. These tutorials are a lot more effective than tutorials because they can help you improve your essay with very little effort.Writing simple essays can be very hard to do, but if you are willing to find these easy win essay samples, you will soon realize that your life will be more enjoyable. There are a number of resources available online that will help you improve your essays, and you will be able to enjoy the process more if you use them.

A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay Essay Example

A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay Essay If I was asked to propose one word which sums up John s Gospel, it would be the word brush. The word became flesh and dwelt among us brush. Look, the Lamb of God brush. John goes on to enter many of the people whom Jesus met in the class of His ministry. He invariably drew these people to Himself. He was the reply to the great religious demands of their life. Regardless of who they were, their basic demand was to run into with Him, for an brush with Jesus. In Ch 3 there is the brush between Nicodemus, the instructor of Israel, and Jesus, the Jesus of the universe. And so in stark contrast here in Ch4, the adult females of Samaria brushs Jesus of Nazareth. We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Samaritan Woman Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jesus meeting with this adult female was at midday. Jesus was absolutely weary, physically exhausted. He sat on the wall around Jacob s well. Note in go throughing that, though Christ is the ageless Son of God, He was besides genuinely human, the Word become flesh. He knew fatigue, thirst, unhappiness, enduring and finally decease. Two whole and perfect natures in one individual. It is a comfort to us to cognize our Saviour is cognizant of our earthly batch. He is able to understand our demands every bit good as holding the supply of grace to assist us in our clip of demand. It is the grace of Jesus which is the first thing the adult female experiences 1. The Grace of Jesus is displayed We learn a great trade about Jesus from His traffics with this adult female. The astonishing fact is that He took the first measure the enterprise was His. He made a simple petition give me a drink. It appears like a simple gesture, but it explodes the age old myth that God is distant and distant. In existent fact God is close and immediate, and this is so because He comes. He takes the enterprise. What is even more singular in this first century civilization was the fact that He spoke to a adult female, and to intensify it all, a Samaritan adult female at that. Strict societal and spiritual regulation held sway among Judaic rabbis prohibiting them of all time to talk to a adult female in the street non even his ain female parent would be acknowledged some of the Pharisees had arrant disdain for adult females, they would daily thank God that He had non made them a adult female. And in peculiar, Samaritan adult females the acrimonious wrangle had gone on for 400 old ages, the Jews of pure blood despised the half-blooded Samaritans who were misbelievers. Orthodox Jews going from Judea North to Galilee where Jesus had grown up went a traffic circle manner to avoid traveling the direct path through Samaria, even though it doubled their journey from three to six yearss. Even if a shadow of a Samaritan fell on an Orthodox Jew, he was considered dirty. If a Jew did take the short cut through Samaria on his manner to Jerusalem, the Samaritans would non sell him necessities of staff of life and H2O. There was common abhorrence and misgiving. But there s more. Not merely was she a adult female, non merely was she a Samaritan adult female, but besides she was sexually immoral and promiscuous. She had had five hubbies, and the adult male she was populating with now was non even one of them. A bidey in. No admiration she was at the well at midday alternatively of the usual eventide hr for pulling H2O. She wanted to avoid cognizing expressions and crisp linguas of other adult females who would contemn her. Yet despite all that, Jesus shows perfect courtesy and grace in inquiring her a favor. He knew all about her. If no 1 else in the universe cared for her, He did, and He longed for her to cognize the peace and life He entirely could give her. And to convey things right up to day of the month, the world is that He has the same understanding for us in our wickednesss and failings. He longs to offer us His love and power. He offers her H2O of a really different sort from that which he s merely asked her for life H2O that would fulfill her spiritually. Water elsewhere in John s Gospel is a symbol of new life through the Holy Spirit into the bosom through religion in Christ ( e.g. John 7:37-39 ) . The H2O I give him will go in him a spring of H2O welling up to ageless life ( John 4:14 ) . This H2O which Jesus gives is so wholly fulfilling that whoever drinks of it will neer be thirsty once more. These are words of Jesus that speak really straight to our deepest demands. How many of us, one time the masks and disguises we wear have been taken off, can attest to the deep unsated yearning within our psyches? How frequently when people talk about the alteration that Jesus has made in their lives do they talk of emptiness and dissatisfaction that was there earlier? How they tried everything to run into that demand, but all in vain boulder clay they came to Christ. Augustine said, Thou hast made us for Thyself and our Black Marias are ungratified till they find their remainder in Thee. There was an old vocal which summed up the difference that Jesus makes Now none but Christ can fulfill. There is none other name for me. There s love and life and permanent joy, Lord Jesus, found in Thee This is what Jesus is seeking to acquire across to her. I can provide you religious demands, you spiritual thirst and hankering by offering you H2O which will jump up within you the life that Jesus gives is no tame or dead thing. It is abundant life, life in all its comprehensiveness, that sparkles, bangs and satisfies. This is the admiration of cognizing Christ and the great approvals imparted by Him. If anyone is thirsty Lashkar-e-Taiba him come to me and imbibe ( John 7:37 ) , says Jesus on another juncture. In Jesus they will be good supplied by an ever-flowing watercourse, which neer runs dry. Yachting! ! Unlike the universe, Christ offers a existent and permanent satisfaction. If we drink at the universe s fountains, we are satisfied for an hr. If we drink at Christ s fountain, we have ageless satisfaction. It is non dependent on hardship or prosperity, fright or joy. This good keeps jumping up, and it is all a free gift. 2. The demand for Jesus is awakened But we notice from John s history that at foremost the adult female misunderstood Jesus. She took Him literally, and replied that he did non hold a pail. The well was in fact 100 pess deep. Nicodemus had made the same error in taking Jesus literally ( How can a adult male enter his female parent s uterus for a 2nd clip and be born once more? ) . In both instances, Jesus was talking of religious things. But it begins to rouse a sense of demand in the adult female. To demo her how much she needed this new religious life He was offering He puts His finger on the failing, failures and wickedness in her life things that deep down she was cognizant of, but likely had neer openly admitted to anyone earlier. She admitted to Him her current life agreements. He knew her private life absolutely. He knew she had broken the 7th commandment. And now she knew it excessively. He did nt impeach, nor did he wag his finger or face her with her wickedness. He merely touches her scruples, and encourages her to call her ain wickedness. And so she reacts. She s all of a sudden faced with herself as she is, as God sees her, and she wants to alter, she longs for this new life, a better life the full life, the clean life. She s had sufficiency of the wagging linguas and turned dorsums. She longs to belong, to be portion of her community one time once more. We neer truly see ourselves until we are in Jesus presence. The Christian experience begins with a sense of wickedness. We are awakened to ourselves, our demand of God, of forgiveness and cleaning and life. Not till we see the beauty of Christ do we understand the ugliness of our lives. But now she s experiencing uncomfortable. She tries to alter the topic, but what a error. She enters into theological treatment with the Son of God. If Nicodemus, the instructor of Israel was out of his deepness, what hope had she? But it was merely a recreation. She entered an statement about the right topographic point of worship. She hoped to deviate from Jesus indicating out of her wickedness by demoing Him she did hold sufficiency of faith to acquire by. It s about as though she s stating, good, I go to church, and at least I go to the right one we Samaritans worship in the right topographic point. But Jesus answer pulls her dorsum to His point. It does non count where you worship, every bit long as you worship in spirit and in truth. Right back to the basic issues, it s non about the signifiers of spiritual observation, it s non about which church you go to or non, it s the province of your bosom that affairs. Religion is non approximately outward signifiers and ceremonial s. Jesus looks at the bosom, the province of the interior life. Yet still today people love an statement how to construe the creative activity narratives in Genesis 1, where did Cain s married woman semen from, ( literalism! , ) what hymn book should we utilize, how should the church be governed, what signifier of baptism, should we utilize set supplications or free prayeraˆÂ ¦ . These are non the existent issues. The inquiry in the head ought to be what is the province of my bosom? Am I right with God? Do I hold new life in Christ Jesus? Ultimately have you accepted the gift that Jesus offers new and abundant life? 3. The gift of Jesus is received It bit by bit dawns on the adult female that she was in the presence of no ordinary individual. He knew her private life and secrets. He knew all about God and His worship. And so He reveals He is the promised Saviour and Messiah that the Samaritans, like the Jews, were waiting for. He presents Himself straight as the reply to the adult female s job. He is the One sent by God to be the Saviour of the universe, of Jew, Samaritan and Gentile likewise. How ready Christ is to uncover Himself to the psyche of evildoers. I am the 1 you are looking for. Paul Swinson What is it you are looking for? The existent inquiry is, Who are you looking for? What is the province of your interior life tonight? Behind the facade, is at that place loneliness, emptiness, insufficiency, and hungriness? Are you in hunt of satisfaction? Have you tried everything but still experience the same? Jesus reaches out in his grace to you this evening. He wants to rouse that demand of Him in you tonight, and offers you the gift of life, which will bubble up within you like populating H2O. Yes He must set His finger on the wickedness that has to be forsaken and forgiven. Sin has to be brought to the surface. But his desire is non to reprobate you, he does nt desire to upbraid you, He merely longs to salvage you, and fulfill the deepest yearning of your bosom. Hear His voice and respond to His invitation If anyone is thirsty, allow him come to me and imbibe.

Thermodynamics Overview and Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics Overview and Basic Concepts Thermodynamics is the field of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other properties (such as pressure, density, temperature, etc.) in a substance. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work  being done by the system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics. Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer Broadly speaking, the heat of a material is understood as a representation of the energy contained within the particles of that material. This is known as the kinetic theory of gases, though the concept applies in varying degrees to solids and liquids as well. The heat from the motion of these particles can transfer into nearby particles, and therefore into other parts of the material or other materials, through a variety of means: Thermal Contact is when two substances can affect each others temperature.Thermal Equilibrium is when two substances in thermal contact no longer transfer heat.Thermal Expansion takes place when a substance expands in volume as it gains heat. Thermal contraction also exists.Conduction is when heat flows through a heated solid.Convection is when heated particles transfer heat to another substance, such as cooking something in boiling water.Radiation is when heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, such as from the sun.Insulation is when a low-conducting material is used to prevent heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy (i.e. temperature), or any sort of heat transfer. There are several specific types of thermodynamic processes that have special properties: Adiabatic process - a process with no heat transfer into or out of the system.Isochoric process - a process with no change in volume, in which case the system does no work.Isobaric process - a process with no change in pressure.Isothermal process - a process with no change in temperature. States of Matter A state of matter is a description of the type of physical structure that a material substance manifests, with properties that describe how the material holds together (or doesnt). There are five states of matter, though only the first three of them are usually included in the way we think about states of matter: gasliquidsolidplasmasuperfluid (such as a Bose-Einstein Condensate) Many substances can transition between the gas, liquid, and solid phases of matter, while only a few rare substances are known to be able to enter a superfluid state. Plasma is a distinct state of matter, such as lightning   condensation - gas to liquidfreezing - liquid to solidmelting - solid to liquidsublimation - solid to gasvaporization - liquid or solid to gas Heat Capacity The heat capacity, C, of an object is the ratio of change in heat (energy change, ΔQ, where the Greek symbol Delta, Δ, denotes a change in the quantity) to change in temperature (ΔT). C Δ Q / Δ T The heat capacity of a substance indicates the ease with which a substance heats up. A good thermal conductor would have a low heat capacity, indicating that a small amount of energy causes a large temperature change. A good thermal insulator would have a large heat capacity, indicating that much energy transfer is needed for a temperature change. Ideal Gas Equations There are various ideal gas equations which relate temperature (T1), pressure (P1), and volume (V1). These values after a thermodynamic change are indicated by (T2), (P2), and (V2). For a given amount of a substance, n (measured in moles), the following relationships hold: Boyles Law ( T is constant):P 1 V 1 P 2 V 2Charles/Gay-Lussac Law (P is constant):V1/T1 V2/T2Ideal Gas Law:P1V1/T1 P2V2/T2 nR R is the ideal gas constant, R 8.3145 J/mol*K. For a given amount of matter, therefore, nR is constant, which gives the Ideal Gas Law. Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics - Two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium to each other.First Law of Thermodynamics - The change in the energy of a system is the amount of energy added to the system minus the energy spent doing work.Second Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible for a process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter one.Third Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in a finite series of operations. This means that a perfectly efficient heat engine cannot be created. The Second Law Entropy The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be restated to talk about entropy, which is a quantitative measurement of the disorder in a system. The change in heat divided by the absolute temperature is the entropy change of the process. Defined this way, the Second Law can be restated as: In any closed system, the entropy of the system will either remain constant or increase. By closed system it means that every part of the process is included when calculating the entropy of the system. More About Thermodynamics In some ways, treating thermodynamics as a distinct discipline of physics is misleading. Thermodynamics touches on virtually every field of physics, from astrophysics to biophysics, because they all deal in some fashion with the change of energy in a system. Without the ability of a system to use energy within the system to do work - the heart of thermodynamics - there would be nothing for physicists to study. That having been said, there are some fields use thermodynamics in passing as they go about studying other phenomena, while there are a wide range of fields which focus heavily on the thermodynamics situations involved. Here are some of the sub-fields of thermodynamics: Cryophysics / Cryogenics / Low Temperature Physics - the study of physical properties in low temperature situations, far below temperatures experienced on even the coldest regions of the Earth. An example of this is the study of superfluids.Fluid Dynamics / Fluid Mechanics - the study of the physical properties of fluids, specifically defined in this case to be liquids and gases.High Pressure Physics - the study of physics in extremely high pressure systems, generally related to fluid dynamics.Meteorology / Weather Physics - the physics of the weather, pressure systems in the atmosphere, etc.Plasma Physics - the study of matter in the plasma state.

Impact of WWI on European Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impact of WWI on European Society - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the impacts of WW1 on European society. The total deaths of all nations who fought in the WW1 are thought to have been 8.5 million with 21 million being wounded.  Alongside these statistics, was the fact that vast areas of north-eastern Europe had been reduced to rubble. Flanders in Belgium had been all but destroyed with the ancient city of Ypres being devastated. The homes of 750,000 French people were destroyed and the infrastructure of this region had also been severely damaged. Roads, coal mines, telegraph poles had all been destroyed and such a loss greatly hindered the area's ability to function normally (The Treaty of Versailles). Apart from the 116,000 American soldiers, all the other soldiers killed in the WW1 were from Europe. In other words, Europe suffered heavy casualties as a result of WW1. It should be noted that along with the loss of lives, Europe faced a lot of destruction of its properties. The return of war prisoners after WW1 caused many social problems in Europe. Millions of Europeans were in jails after WW1. They forced to spend longer periods in jails even after the end of WW1. Decades after the end of WW1, they got freedom and their return caused new social problems in Europe. â€Å"Emaciated and physically broken, they experienced psychological and material difficulties adjusting to normal life. Their spouses had often remarried. The state aid they received after the release was insufficient and they failed to get new employment† (Paxton, & Hessler, p.472) â€Å"The birth rate in Northern and Western Europe declined by one half after the WW1† (Paxton & Hessler, p.18). It should be noted that the birth rate reduced considerably after WW1 since European couples were either separated after the war or failed to engage in sexual activities because of the physical and psychological trauma caused by this war. Moreover, European women forced to come out from kitchens and work in the factories just l ike men after WW1. They started to lead a more independent life after WW1 (Paxton & Hessler, p.20). Such free life helped them to avoid pregnancy and forced sexual activities. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles was instrumental in ending WW1. It was signed on 28 June 1919. This treaty created a lot of controversies in Europe, especially in Germany. It puts the entire blame on Germany for causing WW1. It forced Germany to concede many of its lands and pay heavy compensation to certain countries. The "Big Three" (David Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson of America) were responsible for the preparation of the clauses of Treaty of Versailles. The Big Three were keen on humiliating German feelings as much as possible. In fact, they were concerned about the rise of communism in Europe and they tried to block the spreading of communism in Europe through this treaty. Some people believe that the controversial clauses in the Treaty of Versailles were the exact reason for the occurrence of WW2. Hitler, through his inspirational speeches, injected nationalism in the veins of Germans. He argued that German culture is superior to other cultures and hence Germans have the right to rule the world. He had pointed out that the allied powers caused shame to Germans while forcing them to accept the responsibilities of WW1. In short, the end of WW1 actually prepared a way for WW2.  

Psychoanalytic criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychoanalytic criticism - Essay Example After ordering beer for both of them, the girl is standing and looking at the hills. Her mind is clearly not focused on the drinks ordered, but other things. She could be thinking about a new life and the operation. She makes the comment "They look like white elephants" (2). She is avoiding the topic of abortion, and the superego is acting as a conscience. The first to broach the subject of the abortion is the American man. He begins the conversation with no pretext leading to the subject: "It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig" (3). He is attempting to convince her to go through with the operation. When he brings the subject to light, she looks at the ground. This could be seen as a struggle between the man's id and the woman's superego. He further presses her on the subject by saying "I know you wouldn't mind it, Jig. It's really not anything. It's just to let the air in" (3). He has become pushy on the issue. Again, Jig says nothing. Not only is she submissive, but she is allowing him to bully her into a decision she is not yet ready to make. Yet, Jig's superego is still overriding the desires of the man's id. The man makes the statement that he does not want anyone else but her. He is stating very clearly that he does not want the child.